LAW AND SOCIETY
    
           
     
by Samuel D. Hodge, Jr.
    
     
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
    
           
     

TABLE OF CONTENTS

    
           
           
     
CHAPTER 1
    
           
     
LAW AND SOCIETY: AN OVERVIEW
    
           
§ 1.1     Introduction   1
§ 1.2     The Study of Law   2
§ 1.3     The Courtroom   4
§ 1.4     The Evolution of the Jury Trial   6
§ 1.5     The Cast of Characters   9
§ 1.6     -- Estelle Worthington Hodge   9
§ 1.7     -- Joseph Anthony Hodge   11
§ 1.8     -- Anthony Michael Hodge   12
§ 1.9     -- Kathleen Hodge   13
§ 1.10     -- Peter Hans Christopher   14
§ 1.11     -- Donald Ulysses Feelgood, M.D.   15
§ 1.12     -- Officer John O'Brien   16
§ 1.13     Case Analysis   16
§ 1.14     Elements of a Judicial Opinion   20
§ 1.15     Briefing A Case   21
§ 1.16     Status and Process   25
§ 1.17     -- Problem One   27
§ 1.18     Precedent: The Backbone of American Jurisprudence   35
§ 1.19     -- Problem Two   40
§ 1.20     Newsbreak   47
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 2
    
           
     
CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAW
    
           
§ 2.1     Public Law v. Private Law   49
§ 2.2     Criminal Law   49
§ 2.3     Constitutional Law   52
§ 2.4     -- Problem Three   58
§ 2.5     Administrative Law   63
§ 2.6     Contract Law   64
§ 2.7     Tort Law   65
§ 2.8     -- Problem Four   66
§ 2.9     Property Law   75
§ 2.10     Violations of Public and Private Law   75
§ 2.11     Newsbreak   76
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 3
    
           
     
THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM
    
           
§ 3.1     The Jury System   77
§ 3.2     -- The Jury Experience   79
§ 3.3     Voir Dire   93
§ 3.4     Jury Selection in Philadelphia   95
§ 3.5     -- Problem Five   98
§ 3.6     Discharge of an Employee for Jury Service   102
§ 3.7     Jurisdiction   102
§ 3.8     Venue   107
§ 3.9     Standing   109
§ 3.10     Full Faith and Credit   112
§ 3.11     Comity   112
§ 3.12     The Federal Court System   113
§ 3.13     -- District Courts   114
§ 3.14     -- Circuit Court of Appeals   114
§ 3.15     -- The United States Supreme Court   115
§ 3.16     The State Court System   118
§ 3.17     Alternative Dispute Resolution   119
§ 3.18     -- Problem Six   120
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 4
    
           
     
DUE PROCESS
    
           
§ 4.1     Introduction to Due Process   123
§ 4.2     Legislation   124
§ 4.3     Substantive Due Process   125
§ 4.4     -- The Drafting of a Statute   127
§ 4.5     -- Sample Statute   127
§ 4.6     -- Problem Seven   132
§ 4.7     Procedural Due Process   139
§ 4.8     -- Problem Eight   142
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 5
    
           
     
TORTS
    
           
§ 5.1     The Law of Torts   151
§ 5.2     Negligence   151
§ 5.3     -- Duty of Care   152
§ 5.4     -- Problem Nine   156
§ 5.5     -- Breach of Duty   166
§ 5.6     -- Proximate Cause   166
§ 5.7     Defenses to a Negligence Action   166
§ 5.8     Imputed Negligence   170
§ 5.9     Intentional Torts   173
§ 5.10     -- Assault and Battery   173
§ 5.11     -- Invasion of Privacy   175
§ 5.12     -- Defamation   177
§ 5.13     -- False Imprisonment   180
§ 5.14     Products Liability   182
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 6
    
           
     
CIVIL PROCEDURE
    
           
§ 6.1     The Litigation Process   187
§ 6.2     Christopher v. Hodge   189
§ 6.3     -- Facts   189
§ 6.4     Fee Arrangements   190
§ 6.5     -- Contingent Fee Arrangement   191
§ 6.6     Hourly Bill   192
§ 6.7     Service of Process   196
§ 6.8     The Pleadings   199
§ 6.9     Discovery   204
§ 6.10     -- Subpoena   213
§ 6.11     Rules of Evidence   214
§ 6.12     -- Problem Ten   219
           
         
           
           
     
CHAPTER 7
    
           
     
CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE
    
           
§ 7.1     Crimes   247
§ 7.2     Defenses to a Crime   268
§ 7.3     Police Investigation   269
§ 7.4     -- Police Sketch   271
§ 7.5     -- The Polygraph   271
§ 7.6     -- Questioning of a Suspect   273
§ 7.7     -- Problem Eleven   274
§ 7.8     -- Search and Seizure   279
§ 7.9     The Progress of a State Criminal Case   281
§ 7.10     The Progress of a Federal Criminal Case   284
§ 7.11     -- The Grand Jury   285
§ 7.12     Sentencing   286
           
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 8
    
     
CONTRACTS
    
           
           
§ 8.1     Introduction   293
§ 8.2     Kinds of Contracts   294
§ 8.3     The Elements of a Contract   300
§ 8.4     -- Offer   303
§ 8.5     -- Acceptance   303
§ 8.6     -- Consideration   309
§ 8.7     -- Capacity   311
§ 8.8     -- Legality   312
§ 8.9     -- Problem Twelve   312
           
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 9
    
           
     
PROPERTY LAW
    
§ 9.1     Introduction   325
§ 9.2     Ownership   325
§ 9.3     -- Problem Thirteen   330
§ 9.4     Personal Property   335
§ 9.5     -- Acquiring Title to Personal Property   336
§ 9.6     Bailments   337
§ 9.7     Real Property   340
§ 9.8     Estates in Real Property   343
§ 9.9     Leasehold Estates   344
§ 9.10     Acquiring Title to Real Property   348
           
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 10
    
           
     
LIMITATIONS TO LAWSUITS
    
           
§ 10.1     Res Judicata   351
§ 10.2     Statutes of Limitations   353
§ 10.3     -- Problem Fourteen   353
§ 10.4     Immunity from Suit   363
§ 10.5     -- Sovereign Immunity   363
§ 10.6     -- Judicial Immunity    
§ 10.7     -- Charitable Immunity   369
§ 10.8     -- Intra-Family Immunity   369
§ 10.9     -- Immunity by Contract   372
           
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 11
    
           
     
REMEDIES AVAILABLE IN COURT
    
           
§ 11.1     An Overview   379
§ 11.2     Compensatory Damages   380
§ 11.3     Punitive Damages   381
§ 11.4     Nominal Damages   382
§ 11.5     Liquidated Damages   382
§ 11.6     -- Problem Fifteen   383
§ 11.7     Injunction   389
§ 11.8     Restitution   393
§ 11.9     Rescission and Reformation   393
§ 11.10     Declaratory Judgment   395
§ 11.11     Specific Performance   395
           
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 12
    
           
     
ETHICS AND THE LAW
    
           
§ 12.1     An Overview of Ethics   399
§ 12.2     Ethical Theories   403
§ 12.3     -- Problem Sixteen   404
§ 12.4     The Whistleblower   409
§ 12.5     Ethics, Law and Privacy   413
§ 12.6     -- Drug Testing   414
§ 12.7     -- Problem Seventeen   419
§ 12.8     Sexual Harassment   423
§ 12.9     -- Problem Eighteen   428
           
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 13
    
           
     
BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
    
           
§ 13.1     Introduction   433
§ 13.2     Organizational Forms   436
§ 13.3     Selecting an Organizational Form   438
§ 13.4     -- Creation   438
§ 13.5     -- Continuity   441
§ 13.6     -- Managerial Control   443
§ 13.7     Liability   445
§ 13.8     Taxation   448
§ 13.9     Legal Capacity   451
           
           
           
           
     
CHAPTER 14
    
           
     
INTERNATIONAL LAW
    
§ 14.1     Introduction   455
§ 14.2     Sources of International Law   456
§ 14.3     International Organizations   457
§ 14.4     -- United Nations   457
§ 14.5     -- Convention on International Sale of Goods   458
§ 14.6     -- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade   458
§ 14.7     -- The European Community   459
§ 14.8     -- Other Regional Trading Blocs   461
           
           
           
           
     
APPENDIX
    
           
§ A.1     Sample Memorandum and Answer   463
§ A.2     Key Terms   468
§ A.3     Glossary   474