THERMOGRAPHY AND PERSONAL INJURY LITIGATION       Samuel D. Hodge, Jr., Esq., Editor       Wiley Law Publications             TABLE OF CONTENTS             PART I: INTRODUCTION       Chapter 1:   Introduction to Thermography and the Litigation Process     Samuel D. Hodge, Jr., Esq.       § 1.1   An Overview of the Litigation Process in Personal Injury Cases § 1.2   Elements of Damage § 1.3   Demonstrative Evidence to Aid the Jury             PART II: TRADITIONAL METHODS OF EVALUATING CLAIMS FOR PERSONAL INJURY       Chapter 2:   Medical Tools Available in the Diagnosis of Trauma-Related Injuries     Samuel D. Hodge, Jr., Esq., and Gerald Kaplan, M.D., J.D.       § 2.1   Introduction to Diagnostic Tests § 2.2   X-Rays § 2.3   Tomography § 2.4   Computerized Axial Tomography § 2.5   Ultrasonography § 2.6   Bone Scanning § 2.7   Blood Tests § 2.8   Nerve Conduction and Electromyography § 2.9   Myelography § 2.10   Magnetic Resonance Imaging § 2.11   Conclusion             Chapter 3:   The Independent Medical Examination     Richard Harlan Kaplan, M.D., and Steven Mandel, M.D.       § 3.1   Introduction § 3.2   Purpose of the Independent Medical Examination § 3.3   Selection of the Proper Medical Consultant § 3.4   What the Examination Can Establish § 3.5   What the Examination Cannot Establish § 3.6   Preparation for the Examination § 3.7   Medical History § 3.8   Physical Examination § 3.9   Range of Motion § 3.10   –Motor Power § 3.11   –Sensory Function § 3.12   –Reflexes § 3.13   –Coordination § 3.14   –Spine and Extremities § 3.15   –Root Tension Tests § 3.16   The Medical Report § 3.17   Conclusion             Chapter 4:   Analysis of a Hospital Chart     Samuel D. Hodge, Jr., Esq., and Gerald Kaplan, M.D., J.D.       § 4.1   Introduction to the Hospital Record § 4.2   Records Custodian § 4.3   Emergency Room Record § 4.4   Admission Form § 4.5   Discharge Summary § 4.6   History and Physical § 4.7   Progress Notes § 4.8   Nurse’s Notes § 4.9   Order Sheets § 4.10   Operative Report § 4.11   Miscellaneous Records § 4.12   Conclusion             PART III: THERMOGRAPHY–A MEDICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS       Chapter 5:   Thermography: A Medical Overview with Emphasis on Pain Evaluation     Jack E. Hubbard, Ph.D., M.D.       Background       § 5.1   General Principles § 5.2   Historical Background § 5.3   Uses of Thermography § 5.4   –Nonmedical § 5.5   –Medical § 5.6   Pain Evaluation: Historical Perspective       Physiological Basis: Pain Evaluation       § 5.7   General Concepts § 5.8   Inflammation § 5.9   Vascular Obstruction § 5.10   Neuromuscular Injury § 5.11   –Anatomy of Nervous Systems § 5.12   –Peripheral Nerve Injury § 5.13   –Nerve Root Injury § 5.14   –Soft Tissue Injury       Technical Aspects       § 5.15   Types of Instrumentation § 5.16   –Electronic Thermography § 5.17   –Liquid Crystal Thermography § 5.18   Color Scale § 5.19   –Electronic Thermography § 5.20   –Liquid Crystal Thermography § 5.21   Comparisons: Electronic and Liquid Crystal § 5.22   Thermography Procedure: An Overview § 5.23   –History Form § 5.24   –Thermographic Examination § 5.25   –Thermographic Examination § 5.26   –Thermographic Report § 5.27   Artifacts § 5.28   –Instrumentation-Induced § 5.29   Patient-Induced       Clinical Applications in Neuromuscular Injury       § 5.30   Normal Thermogram § 5.31   –Body Temperature Symmetry § 5.32   –Lumbar Pattern § 5.33   Abnormal Thermogram § 5.34   Diagnostic Validity of Thermography § 5.35   –Evaluation of Diagnostic Procedures § 5.36   –Thermography as a Diagnostic Procedure § 5.37   Indications and Limitations § 5.38   –Screening for CAT Scan or Myelogram § 5.39   –Evaluation of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy § 5.40   –Evaluation of Pain of Unknown Cause § 5.41   –Evaluation of Sensory Nerve Injury § 5.42   –Postoperative Follow-up § 5.43   –Preemployment Screening § 5.44   Summary and Conclusions § 5.45   References             Chapter 6:   Neuromuscular Thermographic Examinations     Charles E. Wexler, M.D.       § 6.1   Standards for Neuromuscular Thermographic Examinations § 6.2   –Instructions to Patient Prior to Examination § 6.3   –Patient History Form § 6.4   –Patient Equilibration and Preparation § 6.5   –Necessary Ancillary Data in Pictures § 6.6   –Standard Tests § 6.7   –Miscellaneous Standards § 6.8   –Criteria for Abnormality § 6.9   Indications for Neuromuscular Therography § 6.10   Repeat Studies for Artifact Detection § 6.11   Significance of an Abnormal Therographic Report § 6.12   Significance of a Normal Thermographic Report § 6.13   Stress Testing § 6.14   Serial Thermography § 6.15   Advantages of Thermography             Chapter 7:   Temporomandibular Joint Pain Syndrome–The Whiplash of the 1980s     S. Alan Weinstein, D.O.       § 7.1   Introduction § 7.2   History of the Disorder § 7.3   Definition and Symptoms § 7.4   Investigation of TMJ Claims § 7.5   TMJ Diagnostic Tests § 7.6   TMJ Treatment § 7.7   Conclusion             Chapter 8:   Thermography     Samuel D. Hodge, Jr., Esq.       § 8.1   Introduction to Law and Thermography § 8.2   Thermography as a Litigation Tool–Early Cases § 8.3   –Growing Public Awareness of Thermography § 8.4   Emergence of Thermography as a Valid Courtroom Tool § 8.5   –Thermography Cases with Significant Verdicts § 8.6   –Thermography Cases with Nominal or Low Verdicts § 8.7   Thermography as Proof of Injury § 8.8   Thermography as Defense Tool § 8.9   Thermography and Medical Malpractice § 8.10   Thermography and Veterinary Medicine § 8.11   Thermography and Social Security Determinations § 8.12   Thermography and the Jones Act § 8.13   Thermography and Workers’ Compensation Statutes § 8.14   Thermography and the Federal Employers’ Liability Act § 8.15   Thermography Case Summaries by Jurisdictions             Chapter 9:   Rules Concerning the Admissibility of Thermographic Evidence     Samuel D. Hodge, Jr., Esq.       § 9.1   Introduction § 9.2   Frye Standard § 9.3   –Physician-Thermologists as the Scientific Community § 9.4   –Physicians as the Scientific Community § 9.5   Federal Approach § 9.6   Back Door Approach § 9.7   Current Trend in State Courts § 9.8   Social Security Hearings § 9.9   Court Cases on Admissibility § 9.10   –Cases Allowing Thermographic Evidence § 9.11   –Cases Denying Thermographic Evidence § 9.12   Checklist on Admissibility § 9.13   Frye Standard in Each State             Chapter 10:   Examination of a Thermography Report       § 10.1   Direct Examination of the Thermographer § 10.2   –Qualifications of Thermographer § 10.3   –Science of Thermography § 10.4   –Acceptance and Reliability of Thermography § 10.5   –General Operation of Thermographic Equipment § 10.6   –Patient History and Examination § 10.7   –Interpretation of Patient’s Thermogram § 10.8   Cross-Examination of the Thermographer § 10.9   –Insufficient Qualifications of Thermographer § 10.10   –Lack of Objectivity of Thermographer § 10.11   –Lack of General Acceptance by the Medical Community § 10.12   –Factors that Can Affect Thermographic Results             Chapter 11:   The Compensability Issue: When are Thermograms “Medically Necessary?”     Samuel D. Hodge, Jr., Esq.       § 11.1   Introduction to the Issue of Reimbursement § 11.2   Use of “Medically Necessary” § 11.3   –Definition of “Medically Necessary” § 11.4   –Conflicts in Cases on “Medically Necessary” § 11.5   Thermography and Blue Cross/Blue Shield § 11.6   –Medical Necessity Guidelines on Diagnostic Imaging § 11.7   –Exclusions for Experimental/Investigative Procedures § 11.8   Cases on Thermography Reimbursement § 11.9   General Trends on Reimbursement § 11.10   Statutes and Cases on Reimbursement by Jurisdiction             Appendixes           A.   Manufacturers of Thermography Instrumentation B.   Thermography Training Programs for Physicians and Technicians C.   Standards for Neuro-Muscular Examination D.   American Academy of Thermology Technical Guidelines for Thermal     Imaging of Spine and Extremities E.   Sample Thermographic Reports             Glossary           Index